The HP Support found a working solution for us.
There is a Setting in the IMC, which checks the Username from the Certificate with the Username from the IMC. This was the fault and the reason for this error message in our Environment.
We set the "Check Username in Certificate"-Option to "No" and had a working solution. Cause we are using AD-Users dedicated to Special OUs and this dedicated to Special Access Services in Sync Policies für every OU, we don't need to check the Username. The Certificates are pushed via GPO to our Clients, so there is no way to fake a certificate for external Devices and there is no need to check this Username.
You can find this setting on "User" --> "User Access Policy" --> "Service Parameters" -- > "System Settings" --> "System Parameters" --> and then on the lower half of the settings page right sight.
So if you get this error and you are sure, that your settings are right, check if the test of the Username will be the reason, which causes this error code.