From the logs you can see that ClearPass keeps sending 'Access-Challenges' to your client but is not getting responses. What would help is to run a capture (Wireshark) on the client and see if these Access-Challenges arrive at the client and if the client responds. If the Access-Challenge is arriving at the client (in a EAPoL packet), and there is no response seen, the issue most likely is in the client. If the client responds, but does not arrive on ClearPass, it's most likely in the switch, network or VM settings.
As you mention it is not specific clients, or specific switches, I would have a look at the ethernet driver in your clients. Some (mainly enterprise images) windows versions come with ancient drivers, and upgrading solves these types of issues. What also may help is to check the energy-saving settings for your wired network card and disable those, at least during the troubleshooting. In my experience that also is driver version dependent, so it can be that some driver versions work fine but others don't so make sure you resolved your issues before you enable power-saving again.
What also should be verified is that you have jumbo frames enabled on the full path between your switch and ClearPass (including the vSwitch if you are running on ESXi).
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Herman Robers
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If you have urgent issues, always contact your Aruba partner, distributor, or Aruba TAC Support. Check
https://www.arubanetworks.com/support-services/contact-support/ for how to contact Aruba TAC. Any opinions expressed here are solely my own and not necessarily that of Hewlett Packard Enterprise or Aruba Networks.
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