edge-port enabled, will put the port into forwarding immediately when the link comes up. Whereas with edge-port disabled it will go through listening learning blocking forwarding.
BPDU Filter on the other hand is completely different, it will prevent a port from participating in spanning-tree altogether. You need to be careful with using this feature - since the port will not be participating in spanning-tree it won't block any redundant or accidental loops. (You can enable loop-protect though to help guard against this).