Are you sure that Aruba 2530-24G Switch Series tolerates SFP Transceivers Hot-Swapping?
OK, it seems that Aruba 2530 Switch Series does support SFP Transceivers Hot-Swapping...if so...have you tried with a simple Switch reboot (Switch reboot should not be mandatory because SFP Transceivers Hot-Swapping seems to be supported).
What the show tech transceivers command reports actually?
Are those SFP Transceivers (J4859C) HP genuine?
Did involved SFP Slots were eventually used before (by other Transceivers) or did they were really empty (never used before)?
Read this and download the HPE ArubaOS-Switch Management and Configuration Guide for YA/YB.16.02 (if your Switches are updated to 16.02 branch, basically valid for older versions too) of September 2016 and read Chapter 3 "Port Status and Configuration". That's a good starting point to understand how to diagnose the status of your Switch ports.
These steps are really preliminary (Switch side) and are somewhat independent by the properties of the Fiber Optic Cable used...so you must verify that your Fiber Optic Cable (Single Mode) is properly installed.